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- An acid gives a proton and a base takes it: Arrhenius, Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis Hydrogen chloride gives its proton to water effectively completely; acetic acid gives only a small fraction. NH3
- What holds atoms together: ionic, covalent and metallic bonds Table salt has no molecules in it; hydrogen chloride gas is nothing but molecules. Na
- Intermolecular forces: why water boils at 100 °C and methane at −161 °C Methane's molar mass is 16 g/mol and water's 18, yet methane boils at −161 °C and water at 100 °C. Ar
- A polar bond is not a polar molecule: carbon dioxide against water Carbon dioxide's two bonds are polar, yet the molecule is not. CO2
- Why water is bent and carbon dioxide is straight: the VSEPR model Water's two bonds meet at 104.5°; carbon dioxide's lie in a straight line. CO2